Tijdens de lessen kunstgeschiedenis waarvoor ik me in 2022 inschreef, wierp ik voor de eerste maal een blik op wat voor mij tot dan toe onontgonnen terrein was: de in India ontstane hindoeïstische kunst, dewelke zich over heel Azië heeft verspreid.
Deze kunsttraditie, die zich voornamelijk manifesteert in dans, architectuur en beeldhouwkunst, is altijd religieus geïnspireerd. Zelfs onderwerpen die voor de westerling profaan lijken, hebben een sacrale ondertoon. Een voortdurende interpenetratie van het immanente en het transcendente, van de micro- en de macrokosmos, is het voornaamste kenmerk van deze kunst.
In Hindoeïstische sculpturen ontwaart men vaak vrijende koppels in kamasutraanse posities. De westerling ziet hierin een erotisch beeld van lust en verlangen. De Hindoe daarentegen, ziet de sacrale unie tussen de lingam en de yoni, tussen de mannelijke, gevende en de vrouwelijke, ontvangende energie. Dit samensmeltende contrast komt ook tot uiting in abstracte beeldhouwwerkjes zoals de shiva lingam, waarbij het verticale deel de lingam symboliseert, en de het horizontale platform de yoni.
Het doel van de Indische kunstenaar is niet het afbeelden van de empirische, zintuiglijk observeerbare realiteit, zoals de westerse naturalist of impressionist. Het is ook geen l’art pour l’art, geen kunstvorm die een puur esthetisch doel beoogt, zoals in de moderne westerse kunsttraditie.
Wat de Indische kunst beoogt, is het reflecteren van de glorie van de goden. Vooraleer de Indische artiest een godheid afbeeldt, mediteert hij over de essentie van die godheid. Het mentale beeld of rupa dat zich dan geleidelijk vormt in zijn brein, het beeld dat hij niet ziet met zijn twee fysieke ogen, maar met zijn derde oog, concretiseert hij in een kunstwerk.
(Over de manier waarop de kunstenaar de goden dient af te beelden, en het mentaal bewustzijn dat hij daarbij dient te handhaven, bestaan eeuwenoude regeltractaten die chastra’s, Sanskriet voor handleiding, worden genoemd. Hindoeïstische kunst is zeer hiëratisch – van deze regels mag niet worden afgeweken. Een criterium van een geslaagd kunstwerk is de getrouwheid van de kunstenaar aan de iconografische wet.)
Wanneer men kijkt naar gopurams, de felgekleurde pyramidale torens rond tempels die de Meruberg, het centrum van het universum, symboliseren, kan men door de versatiliteit aan goddelijke figuren vermoeden dat het Hindoeïsme een ongebreideld polytheïstische godsdienst is. Deze visie vraagt om nuance – het is eerder een mystiek pantheïsme waarbij alle goden eigenlijk emanaties zijn van de belangrijkste god, Brahma.
Net als het Christelijk mysticisme kent het Hindoeïsme het concept van een Heilige Drievuldigheid. Deze bestaat uit de drie belangrijkste goden: Brahma, Vishnu en Shiva. Deze laatste is de patroonheilige van de kunsten en yoga. Het is een ambivalente god, die op paradoxale wijzen wordt afgebeeld – soms als barmhartige god die goede daden stelt, en soms als vernietiger van demonen.
Wanneer hij wordt voorgesteld als Nataraja, heer van de dans, creëert én vernietigt hij de kosmos, zodat deze opnieuw kan herboren worden in een eindeloze, repetitieve cyclus. Met zijn voeten stampt hij de chaos kapot, en tegelijkertijd gooit hij zijn talrijke armen in de lucht, als symbool van vernieuwing. Een vurige halo omringt hem.
Men kan stellen dat Indische kunst het resultaat is van een spiritueel bewustzijn. Het is een utilitaire kunst, die steeds in dienst staat van de goden – een creatieve inspanning als offer aan het goddelijke, ter bewerkstelling van de harmonie van de kosmos.
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